アフロ・アメリカンたちのモダニズム(アーティストのリスト)
バスキア以降ではなく、戦前から活躍していたアフロ・アメリカンの作家たちにどのような人がいて、どのような活動をしていたのかを知る機会はなかなかない、というよりも、そのことに関心も持つきっかけがなかなかない。関心さえ持つことができれば、詳しい美術書が日本語で見つけることも可能かもしれない。ただ、アメリカにいるとアフロ・アメリカンやアフロ・カリビアンの存在もみじかなものとして感じられるし、図書館に行くとアフロ・アメリカンのカタログを見つけることは難しくない。それらに目を通すと、僕が知らないかなりの数の作家が紹介されていた。けれどもアメリカにおいても、アフロ・アメリカンの作家の正当な評価はまだ十分に進んでいるとはいえないだろう。作品として興味をそそられるものとそうでないものが混ざっているという感じであったが、興味深い作品を作っている作家は少なからずいた。ホイットニー美術館で観たJacob Lawrence(ジェイコブ・ローレンス)の作品は予想以上に(もともと好きだったとはいえ)質の高い絵画作品であった。
また、カタログやネットで作品を見ただけで、作家としての重要度や質的な評価を決定づけることもなかなか難しい。僕の短期間のリサーチでは、重要な作家が洩れていることもあるとも思う。
全てを紹介しようとすれば膨大な数になってしまうので、今回は自分なりに限定し、1880年代から1920年に生まれた作家を基本的の紹介する。Jacob LawrenceやAaron Douglas(アーロン・ダグラス) など、それなりの知名度を確立している作家も含めてリストとして紹介する。ここでは、1918年から1930年代半ばまで続いた黒人たちの文化運動ハーレム・ルネッサンス(ジャズ、文学、舞台、絵画、ファッションなども含めた多様な黒人文化が開花した)の存在も重要であるだろう。ハーレム・ルネサンスはアフロ・アメリカの2芸術の中で最も注目すべき動きの一つである。
また、60年代においてアフロ・アメリカンの作家たちの抽象芸術へのアプローチや公民権運動に関わったthe Spiral Groupの存在の重要性もわかった。今回紹介していない作家も含めて、質の高い作家がこのグループに参加している。
彼らは、ヨーロッパに留学や移住を経験したり、抽象表現主義やモダニズム芸術に取り組んでいる作家たちがいて、高学歴が多く、いわゆる中産階級のエリートたちだといえる。また彼らの多くは教育者でもあった。また、第一次世界大戦、第二次世界大戦との距離感が作品や人生に関わっている者もいる。
ここでは、作家の生没年を記した。世代の理解を進めるためだ。Thomas Hart Benton(トーマス・ハート・ベントン、1889-1975)、Jackson Pollock(ジャクソン・ポロック、1912-1956)、Roy Lichtenstein(ロイ・リキテンシュタイン、1923-1997)、Donald Judd(ドナルド・ジャッド、1928-1994)などの世代の生没年を意識してみることもいいかもしれない。
Sargent Claude Johnson (1888-1967)
Sargent Claude Johnson was one of the first African-American artist on the West Coast. He was known for abstract figurative.
https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Sargent_Johnson
Palmer Hayden (1890-1973)
Palmer Hayden was an American painter whose association with the Harlem Renaissance.
He is known best for his seascapes and his lively depiction of everyday life.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Palmer-Hayden
https://americanart.si.edu/artist/palmer-hayden-2130
Aaron Douglas (1899-1979)
Aaron Douglas was a painter and graphic artist whose association with the Harlem Renaissance.
Douglas played a leading role in the Harlem Renaissance. He was a major figure in the Afro-American art.
https://www.biography.com/people/aaron-douglas-39794
Hale Woodruff (1900-1980)
Hale Woodruff was known for his murals, paintings, and prints. He is a first generation artist of the New Negro Movement. He was understanding He understood cubism deeply while he was living in France. His early work reflects the influence of cubism. Then Woodruff studied in Mexico with Diego Rivera.
https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/hale-woodruff-1900-1980
James Richmond Barthé (1901-1989)
James Richmond Barthé was a sculptor whose association with the Harlem Renaissance.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richmond-Barthe
Lois Mailou Jones (1905-1998)
Lois Mailou Jones was influenced by the Harlem Renaissance movement and her countless international trips. Jones painted Les Fétiches in a Post-Cubist and Post-Primitive style.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Mailou_Jones
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lois-Mailou-Jones
Loïs Mailou Jones, Les Fétiches(フェティッシュ), 1938
Charles Alston (1907-1977)
Charles Alston was a painter, Sculptor, illustrator, and teacher. Alston began creating abstract painting in the 1950’s, but he never abandoned figural representation.He was a founding member of the Spiral Group. This group was a New York–based African American artists’ collective active from 1963 to 1965.
http://www.michaelrosenfeldart.com/artists/charles-alston-1907-1977
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Alston
Norman Lewis (1909-1979)
Norman Lewis was a painter, and teacher who was associated with abstract expressionism. He was a founding member of the Spiral Group. This group was a New York–based African American artists’ collective active from 1963 to 1965.
He inspired by sources as diverse as music, nature, Chinese, Japanese, and African art, and modern painters from Wassily Kandinsky to Mark Tobey, Lewis freely experimented with varying approaches to abstraction.
https://americanart.si.edu/artist/norman-lewis-2921
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lewis_(artist)
Norman Lewis, Twilight Sounds, 1947
Romare Bearden (1911-1988)
Romare Bearden worked with many types of media. He is best known for collages and photomontages. He was a founding member of the Harlem-based art group known as the Spiral. He studied Art History and Philosophy at the Sorbonne in 1950 and was the author or coauthor of several books.
https://www.moma.org/artists/412
Romaire Beardon, The Dove, 1964
Felrath Hines (1913-1993)
Born in Indianapolis Indiana. Felrath Hines was an early and prominent member of the Spiral Group. Hines joined one in 1963. His later geometric abstractions embrace the universal language of pure shapes and colors. His later geometric abstractions embrace the universal language of pure shapes and colors.
https://americanart.si.edu/artist/felrath-hines-2231
Harold Cousins (1916-1992)
Harold Cousins was a sculptor. He worked in a many types of mediums including steel, stone, wood, and terra cotta and in a variety of styles from realism to abstraction.
http://www.artnet.com/artists/harold-cousins/
Jacob Lawrence (1917-2000)
Jacob Lawrence was a painter known for the life of African-Americans. He was also an educator. Lawrence is among the best-known 20th-century African-American painters.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence
Calvin Burnett (1921-2007)
Calvin Burnett was an artist and an art teacher. He worked in various kinds of mediums.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Burnett_(artist)
Edward Clark (1926-)
He is an abstract expressionist painter. He is one of the earliest painters who developed shaped canvas in 1950s.
http://artistedclark.com/
Edward Clark, Winter Bitch, 1959
Sam Middleton (1927-2015)
Sam Middleton was a mixed-media artist. He was born in New York City and grew up in Harlem, NY. He lived in Mexico and Sweden and eventually the Netherlands.
Middleton left New York briefly at the height of World War II, joining the Merchant Marines in 1944 when he was just 17 years old, but returned to his native city in the early 1950s. Middleton initially frequented the Cedar Tavern and formed close friendships with New York School artists including Franz Kline, Jackson Pollack, and Robert Motherwell. His circle of beat writer and artist friends soon gravitated to The Five Spot Café on the Lower East Side where jazz greats Cecil Taylor, Thelonious Monk, John Coltrane, and Charlie Parker performed nightly.
https://gpcontemporary.com/exhibition/14/press_release/
Sam Middleton, Hymn to Democracy(デモクラシーの賛美歌), 1962